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| ANGEL MOUNDS in INDIANA were looted and destroyed |
By Trace L Hentz, blog editor
Looting - that is just one of the topics I research beyond adoption. It's a pattern really: Looting, Mass Murder, Theft, Mining, Profits, Taking Land, Taking Kids... all of it. It combines into colonization and all the other terms they use to describe the "making of America" and Canada.
It is very interesting that we are finding out through press
releases what was actually looted. I am still disturbed it took so long.
What did we lose? Pretty much everything: tribes were herded onto reservations, kids taken by gunpoint to residential schools, lands were seized, graves robbed, burial mounds looted and destroyed, and on and on.
2023: Remains of 100K+ Native Americans Held in US Institutions, Research Finds
What can we do about it?
WHAT IS NAGPRA? NAGPRA is the Native America Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.
Since 1990, Federal law has provided
for the repatriation and disposition of certain Native American human
remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural
patrimony. By enacting NAGPRA, Congress recognized that human remains of
any ancestry "must at all times be treated with dignity and respect."
Congress also acknowledged that human remains and other cultural items
removed from Federal or tribal lands belong, in the first
instance, to lineal descendants, Indian Tribes, and Native Hawaiian
organizations. With this law, Congress sought to encourage a continuing
dialogue between museums and Indian Tribes and Native Hawaiian
organizations and to promote a greater understanding between the groups
while at the same time recognizing the important function museums serve
in society by preserving the past. (US Senate Report 101-473).
A museum can fail to comply with the requirements of NAGPRA and may beBut there are problems, of course, explained on Native American Calling, when a Lakota elder said their tribal members cannot touch the remains - and the TVA needs to rebury them. Listen
assessed a civil penalty by the Department of the Interior.
WHAT HAPPENED:
More than three decades ago, Congress passed a law calling for
museums and other groups to return the human remains of Native Americans
in their possession. For years, two major East Tennessee institutions
reflected the failure of that law, according to a joint investigation published in March by ProPublica and NBC News.
The investigation found that institutions were failing on a massive
scale to return remains to tribes — and that half of the
still-unreturned remains are held by a small minority of these
institutions. This list is populated in part by prestigious universities like Berkeley and Harvard. But Tennessee
was the only state for which multiple institutions — the University of
Tennessee in Knoxville and the Tennessee Valley Authority — ranked among
the top 10.
(READ MORE: Muscogee Nation, Georgia officials will cooperate on restoring the sacred to tribe)
Both have, however, made recent progress, well after the law in question was passed.
After years in which it returned only a small fraction of the Native
American remains in its possession, University of Tennessee (UT) has, like many other
institutions, lately returned remains at a far faster pace.
TVA cultural resources
In 2019, for example, it made nearly 2,000 Native American remains
taken from what is now South Dakota available to tribal descendants,
according to data maintained by the National Park Service.
Still, these and other remains the university has made available to
tribes account for just 34% of the 6,000-plus Native American human
remains the university reported to be in its possession, according to
the database.
The university is committed to fulfilling its obligations under the
law, spokeswoman Kerry Gardner said by email, adding that it
cannot file a notice with the government listing a set of remains as
available to be returned until a tribe files claims for them.
Gardner said the school is working on the claims of several tribes.
The Tennessee Valley Authority, for its part, once reported
having the remains of more than 12,800 Native Americans — generally
found in modern day Alabama and Tennessee — in its possession.
This remained the case until recently, when TVA, like UT, made a
significant portion of these available for return: 72% in its case.
The utility said it will soon relinquish these possessions entirely. Agency spokesman Scott Fiedler said by email that TVA recently
determined that all Native American remains still in its possession
should be made available — and that they will be, whenever the Federal
Register publishes TVA’s public notice of this.
RESEARCH AND INFRASTRUCTURE
UT’s and TVA’s holdings of unrepatriated Native American
remains are uncommonly large. But they are just two among about 600
institutions that have reported possessing what still amount to well
over 100,000 unreturned Native American human remains.
In some cases, the excavated remains and other artifacts arrived via a
kind of sanctioned looting by researchers probing old burial sites. For
example, around the 1900s, archaeologists excavated burial mounds on a
widespread basis in the Southeast. As the ProPublica/NBC News
investigation noted, several of the institutions with the most
unrepatriated Native American remains in their possession — the
Universities of Alabama and Kentucky also made the top 10 list — are
based in the region.
Similar research took place in other parts of the nation as well.
“We never ceded or relinquished our dead,” one Arizona State
University professor, a member of the Pawnee Nation, told ProPublica/NBC
News reporters. “They were stolen.”
Other Native American remains, such as those generally in the
possession of TVA, were dug up amid massive infrastructure projects.
“When we constructed reservoirs in the ’30s and ’40s, a tremendous
amount of human remains and funerary objects were removed,” TVA has
quoted its archaeologist and tribal liaison, Marianne Shuler, as saying
on its website.
More than 20 federally recognized Indian tribes attach religious and cultural significance to land TVA manages, Fiedler said.
As a result of the 19th century Indian Removal Act, many — though not
all — of these tribes are now based far away. Efforts to reach
repatriation specialists at the Cherokee Nation, the Chickasaw Nation, the Muscogee Nation and the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians by press time were unsuccessful.
CULTURAL CONNECTION
Tribal activism paved the way for the Native American Graves
Protection and Repatriation Act passed by Congress in 1990. The law
sought to make universities, museums and other institutions inventory
their artifacts and human remains and consult with Native American
groups.
The basic premise was that institutions had to publicly report their
holdings and coordinate with tribes to determine to whom the remains
should be returned. If a connection was established between the remains
and the tribe, the institution would publish a notice on the Federal
Register, making the claims available to be repatriated.
Ultimately, few of the institutions with Native American remains in
their possession relinquished their holdings in the years following the
law’s passage.
Some people resisted the law, sometimes arguing that the remains
should stay in museums and universities or that specific modern tribes
lack proof that they are the rightful stewards. UT was among those that
avoided the law in the 1990s by categorizing everything in its
collection as “culturally unidentifiable,” according to the
ProPublica/NBC News investigation.
Asked about this, Gardner, the university spokeswoman, focused on the
more recent past, in which the school hired anthropologist Ellen Lofaro
in part to spearhead its efforts, and the university’s repatriations
increased from 4% to 34% of its holdings.
“Over the last six years, the university has continued to build a
program that underscores our commitment,” Gardner said. “We are actively
building relationships with and consulting with tribal communities.
This work is important, and we are dedicated to continuing to make
progress.”
The Tennessee Valley Authority, for its part, began actively consulting
with tribes in the 2000s, Fiedler said. He said tribes prioritized the
repatriation of ancestral remains — and that the TVA hired its first
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation specialist in 2009 to
focus on the matter.
Since then, the federally-owned utility has made remains available to 11 tribes.
There are thousands of remains left to be passed along. But
everything the utility has made available thus far, tribes have taken,
Fiedler said.
***
March 31, 2023
I was searching for a great great grandmother Sarah A Sparks
(on the Cherokee Baker Roll) and up pops Tennessee Valley Authority –
which got me very confused – why would they have her name?? – then I
googled TVA. I am SO ANGRY. I cannot find where she is buried. Maybe TVA dug her up?
She was married to CHRISTOPHER H HARLOW, a great-great granddad. TLH
HAPPENING EVERY WHERE!👇
Sacred items in Barre library's museum to be returned to Sioux
(United States of America)
Mark Pratt
(2022).
Sacred items in Barre library's museum to be returned to Sioux.
Telegram & Gazette.
11 October.
Mass. museum returns sacred Native American items from its collection
(United States of America)
Ryan Mancini
(2022).
Mass. museum returns sacred Native American items from its collection.
Masslive.
11 October.
UC Berkeley to repatriate thousands of ancestral remains to Indigenous tribes: 'Restorative justice'
(United States of America)
Jisha Joseph
(2022).
UC Berkeley to repatriate thousands of ancestral remains to Indigenous tribes: 'Restorative justice'.
Upworthy.
24 October.
University of California, Berkeley repatriates cultural artifacts to Indigenous tribe
(United States of America)
Jeffery Brown, Lena I. Jackson
(2022).
University of California, Berkeley repatriates cultural artifacts to Indigenous tribe.
PBS.
10 October.
Why
a small British museum went out of its way to repatriate Haida Nation
artifacts
(Canada; United Kingdom)
Mouhamad Rachini
(2022).
Why a small British museum went out of its way to repatriate Haida
Nation artifacts Social Sharing Facebook Twitter Pinterest Reddit
LinkedIn.
CBC.
30 September.
Going home: Big Medicine will be returned to CSKT tribes from historical society
(United States of America)
Darrell Ehrlick
(2022).
Going home: Big Medicine will be returned to CSKT tribes from historical society.
Daily Montanan.
23 October.
VATICAN?
LISTEN | First Nations curator wants to know what's inside the Vatican's collection of Indigenous artifacts (80,000 objects in collection)
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