Harvard Museum Says It Has Hair Clippings from 700 Native Children Who Attended Indian Boarding Schools

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Harvard's Peabody Museum (Photo: Public domain)

By Jenna Kunze

November 10, 2022

**This story contains
disturbing details from U.S. Indian Boarding Schools. For support and
mental health resources, visit The Native American Boarding School
Healing Coalition’s list of resources.** 

Harvard’s Peabody Museum has hair clippings taken from the heads of
about 700 Native American children while they were attending U.S. Indian
Boarding Schools, the institution announced this morning.

The clippings from Native children are part of a collection that
includes 1,500 total hair samples from people across Asia, Central
America, North America, Oceania, and South America. It was assembled by
anthropologist and former Harvard professor, George Woodbury, between
1930 and 1933.  Woodbury took “the vast majority” of samples from living
people across the world to study racial hierarchies, The Peabody Museum wrote online.

Woodbury obtained the samples by enlisting the help of “other
anthropologists and archaeologists, as well as administrators at a wide
variety of U.S. Indian reservations, U.S. Indian boarding schools, and
Canadian hospitals as well as missionaries worldwide,” Harvard wrote in
an online statement published at 9am on Nov. 10. The collection was donated to Harvard and accessioned in 1935.

According to Harvard University spokesperson Rachael Dane, when the
Peabody began organizing its collections in a database in 2008, the
location of the Woodbury collection was marked ‘unknown.’ In April 2022,
Peabody Museum staff cataloged the Woodbury Collection and determined
its contents. 

Many of the samples have the names of the children whose hair was taken, as well as their tribal affiliation.  Approximately 300 tribal nations had samples taken from their kids from at least 21 boarding school locations, plus an additional 12 “collecting locations” noted by Harvard.  The most samples, records show, were taken from 138 children at The
Fort Totten Indian School in North Dakota, and 122 children at the
Sherman Institute in Riverside, California.

“I just cannot for the life of me wrap my head around something like
that,” Rosebud Indian Reservation’s Tribal Historic Preservation Officer
Ione Quigley told Native News Online. She learned that hair
samples were taken from her relatives in an email that came through from
Harvard late Monday evening, she said. “Why would somebody want hair
samples … from little ones? That's a human remain that, for us, holds so
much sacredness.”

Harvard says it will return all of the hair samples, and that it
contacted tribal chairs and tribal historic preservation officers by
email to let them know about the samples, though it “did not have all
the emails,” Dane told Native News Online.

“The Peabody Museum apologizes to Indigenous families and tribal
nations for our complicity in the objectification of Native peoples and
for our more than 80-year possession of hair taken from their
relatives,” the museum’s website reads.

Nowhere does Harvard acknowledge that it likely broke a federal law
that’s been in place since the ‘90s, the Native American Graves
Protection and Repatration Act. Under NAGPRA, institutions are required
to catalog and return their collections of Native American human remains
and their burial objects. Human remains are defined by law as “The
physical remains of the body of a person of Native American ancestry.”
The term excludes remains or portions of remains “that may reasonably be
determined to have been freely given or naturally shed by the
individual from whose body they were obtained, such as hair made into
ropes or nets.”

This year alone, at least three institutions have completed
reparations of human hair to Native tribes or Native Hawaiian
Organizations, according to federal register notices. But Dane told Native News Online
that, “the Peabody Museum understands that this type of hair sample,
which can be found in many museums and federal agencies, is not subject
to NAGPRA.”

“I don’t see how they could argue that [collecting hair samples from
children can be done with] consent,” Association on American Indian
Affairs chief Executive and attorney Shannon O’Loughlin (Choctaw) told Native News Online.
“Human hair is considered remains that require inventory and
consultation. My first reaction, because there was hair from a Choctaw
child included in there, is…what in the world? How did they not know
this existed for so long? It’s so disappointing to see Harvard just not
getting how to work with Native Nations.”

O’Loughlin said that the Association intends to hold Harvard
accountable for requesting proper tribal consultation, instead of merely
asking tribal representatives to fill out a contact form online to be notified when further information on return “becomes available.”

From from 1819 to 1969, the federal government operated more that 400
Indian boarding schools where Native kids were forced to attend with
the express purpose of cultural assimilation that coincided with Indian
territorial dispossession. At these institutions, the government
employed “systematic militarized and identity-alteration methodologies”
to assimilate Native children through renaming them, banning the use of
their language, and cutting their hair, a federal investigation into the government’s role in the schools released in May 2022 noted.

Quigley, the Rosebud tribal preservation officer, is a boarding
school survivor from St. Francis Indian School on the Rosebud Indian
Reservation.  She can attest to the lack of consent in Native kids
having their hair cut at boarding schools—she lived through it. When she
arrived at St. Francis Indian School as a sixth grader, nuns forcibly
cut her hair.

“It was very very traumatic for me to have my hair cut like that,”
Quigley said. “No affection, no care, nothing. There’s something really
wrong in that.”

“Does it seem reasonable to you that this hair was freely given or
naturally shed?” Melanie O’Brien, who manages the National NAGPRA
Program, wrote in response to questions from Native News Online. “That is the ONLY exception to human remains under NAGPRA.”

O’Brien said that she can’t say if Harvard has failed to comply with NAGPRA unless any person alleges it, and the Department of the Interior investigates it. 

“If this were determined to be a failure to comply with NAGPRA
because these human remains were not reported in an inventory, the
penalty amount would be $7,475 times the number of lineal descendants,
Indian Tribes, or NHOs involved,” she wrote. If Harvard were found to be
out of compliance with NAGPRA for its collection of inventoried 700
hair samples, it would owe more than $5 million.

Harvard University has one of the largest collections of Native
American human remains in the country, according to the inventory it did
report in the 90s. Currently, the institution holds at least 6,162 ancestors.
Harvard received five federal grants totaling $287,430 from 1994 to
1997 to complete its inventory. It also received two extensions to
complete their inventory in 1998 and 2000, public records show.  

This is a developing story.

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